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北京高中化学重要方程式整理

2016-05-16 15:39:44 来源:佚名
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  如果同学们想要学好高中化学,就一定要掌握高中化学方程式,方程式是学习化学的基础,所以同学们一定要提起重视。高中化学方式成内容比较多,为了方便同学们记忆,智康1对1高考频道小编整理了北京高中化学重要方程式,希望可以帮助到同学们。

北京高中化学重要方程式


  北京高中化学重要方程式一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H)


  1、氧化性:


  F2+H2===2HF(阴暗处爆炸)


  F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2


  2F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)


  nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)


  2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2(水是还原剂)


  2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O


  F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2


  F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2


  F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2


  7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7


  F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF(ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO)


  3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3)


  Cl2+H22HCl(将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)


  3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl


  3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2


  Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl)


  Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2


  Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I2


  3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3


  3Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–


  5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl


  5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+


  Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓


  Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓(水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓


  Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl


  Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–


  Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2


  2O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K===KO2


  S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZnS


  S+FeFeS(既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取)


  S+2CuCu2S(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)


  3S+2AlAl2S3(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)


  N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2


  N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3N


  N2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2Al2AlN


  P4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2


  H2+2Li2LiH


  2、还原性


  S+O2SO2


  S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2O


  S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O


  S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+


  3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O


  3S+4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2O


  N2+O22NO


  4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)


  2P+3X22PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)


  PX3+X2PX5


  P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O


  C+2F2CF4


  C+2Cl2CCl4


  C+O2(足量)CO2


  2C+O2(少量)2CO


  C+CO22CO


  C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)


  2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)


  Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4


  (SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)


  Si(粉)+O2SiO2


  Si+CSiC(金刚砂)


  Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑(Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2↑)


  3、歧化反应


  Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化:(Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO)


  Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)


  Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)


  3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)


  3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)


  4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)


  11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4


  3C+CaOCaC2+CO↑


  3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑


  北京高中化学重要方程式二、金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性


  2Na+H22NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O2


  2Na+O2Na2O22Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)


  2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑


  2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑


  4Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr2


  2Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgS


  2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只能由单质制备)


  Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑


  2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb


  2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si


  Mg+H2S==MgS+H2


  Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)


  2Al+3Cl22AlCl3


  4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧)


  4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3。xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)


  4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr(铝热反应)


  2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe


  2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑


  2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑


  2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)


  Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O


  2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑


  2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO(炼钢过程)


  Fe+I2FeI2


  Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)


  3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑


  Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑


  Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓


  Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓


  北京高中化学重要方程式三、非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)


  1、还原性:


  4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O


  4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O


  4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O


  4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O


  4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O


  16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O


  16H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O


  6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O


  6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O


  14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O


  14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O


  2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2


  2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)


  2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)


  2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O


  2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O


  3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O


  3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O


  5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O


  5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O


  3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O


  3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O


  H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH


  H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+++


  2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O


  2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl


  NH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O


  NH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O


  4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O


  4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)


  NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氢剂)


  NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑


  4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑


  2、酸性:


  4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻)


  4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑


  2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑


  H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)


  H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+


  H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3


  H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+


  H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HCl


  H2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+


  H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3(铅试纸检验空气中H2S)


  H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+


  H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)


  2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑)


  3、NH3的碱性:


  NH3+HX===NH4X(X:F、Cl、Br、I、S)


  NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+


  2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+


  NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)


  NH3+H2S==NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-


  4、不稳定性:


  2HFH2+F22HClH2+Cl22H2O2H2+O2


  2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2SH2+S2NH3N2+3H2


  2HIH2+I2

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