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高考英语阅读理解的解题分析

2008-03-10 17:31:59 来源:王余健
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        高考英语各类题型中,较重要的是”阅读理解”,通常有20道选择题,计40分,考查重点是对短文或单词,句子的理解能力。这种能力是高中英语教学的主要目标,又是提高英语水平,助力其他题型正确性的基础。从某种意义上说,阅读理解能力的高低是既是英语学习成败之关键,也是高考成败之关键。

        本章拟对近后来”阅读理解”的命题特点,考察内容及如何提高答题能力等问题试作一些分析和探讨。

        一、阅读材料的特点

        高考阅读短文过去每年共有4篇。1995年和1996年各增为5篇,短文的体裁基本上可分为两大类: 叙事性文体及说明性文体。其中叙事性文体又可分为幽默故事,历史掌故,人物小传,新闻报告等类别;说明性文体也可分为科技知识,地理知识,生活知识,动植物知识等科普型说明文以及诸如校园活动安排通告类的短文。下表是1989—1996年高考英语阅读理解短文体裁的统计,对我们正确把握阅读材料文体特点是颇有禆益的。

        从表中可以看出,8年的英语高考阅读短文中,叙事性文体和说明性文体基本上各占一半,其体裁和题材也相对稳定。叙事性文体以幽默为主,短小,含蓄,为主要考查考生对叙述内容的贯通把握能力,对隐含意义的推断能力以及对幽默的领悟能力。这需要有较高的文化素养和较强的联系想象能力。说明性文体以科技等知识性文章为主,它体现了我国英语教学目标的一个重要方面,即英语学习的工具性作用。我国大多数孩子是学理工的,基础性的科学英语应有自己的一席之地。对这种文章的理解,往往需根要有较强的逻辑推理和概括综合能力。这8年来,随着我国经济实力的不断增强,对外交流日益广泛,英语教学目标已开始从培养孩子的文学欣赏能力和科技阅读能力向培养孩子交际能力和社会生活能力发展。1995,1996年的阅读短文中,说明性文体的比重开始加大,而且开始选用一些应用文体的材料,如图书馆的目录检索,假期活动安排及周末文体活动的安排等。这些内容在教科书中很难找到,却大量存在于生活中。对于到国外生活,学习和工作的人来说,读懂这些文字的能力,实际上是一种生存能力,是一种基本的生活能力,需要具有助力摄取大量有效信息的能力。1995,1996年由于增加了这方面的内容,阅读文章的难度比以前几年有所下降,但由于各增加一篇文章,信息大大增加,对速度的要求就高得多。另外,文章增加了,题目数量却没有增加,考查文章宏观把握能因此得到了提高,有助于避免咬文嚼字,考得过细,以致迷阅读理解的本来意义。

        在叙事性文章是中,人物小传和新闻也占了较大的份额。这是因为它们也是英语中较常用的文体。人物小传具有传记文学的特点,融写实性及文学性于一体,在人物心理,素质,背景,动机,经历等多方面有丰富的内容可供考查。新闻报道是信息社会中大量接触的阅读材料,故高考是常有出现也是意料中之事。但由于新闻报告文体独特,难易度和词汇都容易解决好,难免失之过难或过易,难以取代幽默故事而成为叙事性文体的主流。

        高考阅读理解对于词汇的掌握有较高的要求。这不仅表现在学过的词汇要求牢固掌握,而且表现在这些词汇的意义,搭配,用法常常推陈出新,不动一番脑筋就不易读懂,如: make out {辨别,理解},grand master{物级大师级的棋手},three out of ten {十是有三},motor engineer{汽车制造业的工程师},an exhibition climbing{展示性登山};复合词或衍生词常常要求考生根据学过的词根及词缀来判断词义,有的实在不易准确判断,如: silencer{消音器}, renewable{可再生的},geothermal energy{她热能},technique{技术},anti-poison medicine{解毒药},figure{身材}等等。

        这些词基本都是<大纲>基本词汇,没有超出<大纲>规定的词汇知识及结构知识,但实际上它们的词义和高中阶断学习的词汇是有距离的常给理解带来困难。如:1992{B}篇关于一次宇宙飞行的故事中,the boss对于两个毛遂自荐的宇宙员的评价是:”they are the last people I’d trust 。{他们是我较信过的人}。”而对大多数考生却理解为”他们是我较可信赖的人。”,意义恰好是南辕北辙。因此我们在平时应多注意积累词汇。多记常用词的多义性,对词根,词缀知识也应多加积累。
        如:geothermal是由geo—{地理,地质}和thermo{ 热,温度}两个词根组成的,掌握这些词根知识是有助于把握词义的。

        二、阅读理解的命题特点和能力要求

        阅读理解考查的主要不是句法和语法,而是多文字材料中获取信息,发掘内涵,并了解作者的观点,意图的能力。因此,阅读短文后的选择题,主要考查考生的综合及分析能力,推理能力和感受能力。

        {一}综合和分析

        综合

        综合是一种抽象思维方法,要求读者把短文各个部分的内容有机地结合起来,多而在整体上把握文章意义和作者意图,是我局部到整体的思惟认识过程。在英语高考阅读理解中,才查综合思维能力的选择题通常有以下几大类:

        1、概括短文的主题,中心思想,确定文章的标题或判断作者的意图等。

        2、根据短文内容判断事情发生的逻辑顺序或时间顺序。

        3、根据文字材料识图。

        4、根据短文内容对文章中涉及到的人或事作出评价性判断。

        例1

        On the evening of June21,a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xi’an with his bicycle。The hotel workers received him and teltphoned the manager,for they had never seen a bicyclein the hotel hall before though they lived in the hotel hall before though they lived in” the kingdom of bicycles。”[!--empirenews.page--]

        Robert Friedlander an American ,arrived in Xi’an on his bicycle trip across Asia which started last December in New Delhi ,India。

        When he was 11,he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road。Now ,after 44 yeas he was on the Silk Road in Xi’an and his early reams were coming true。

        Robert Friedlander’s next destinations were Lanzhou,Dunhuang,Urumqi,etc。He will complete his trip in Pakistaan。

        1,The best headline for this newspaper article would be______。

        A The kingdom of Bicycles

        B A beautiful Hotel IN xi’an

        C Marco Polo and the Silk Road

        D An American Achieving His Aims

        2,Friedlanderis visiting the three countries in the following order:_____

        A  china, India, and Pakistan

        B  India, china, and Pakistan

        C  Pakistan, china, and India

        D  china, Pakistan, and India

        3,friedlander can be said to be _______。

        A clear

        B friendly

        C hardworking

        D strong-minded

        这三题都是考查综合能力的,要求在综合全文的基础上作出判断,短文叙述了一位55岁的美国男子,从11岁就向往着重走”丝绸之路”,终于在1992年开始了他的印度---中国---巴基斯坦的自行车旅行,这种旅行是需要决心,意志和毅力的。这样,在综合所有信息以后,可得出正确答案为1 {D},2{B},3{D}。

        例2

        Benin

        Benin is one of the smallest African states。 It lies in west Africa on the gulf{海湾}  of guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east。

        Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960 , when it became independent {独立} ,in 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew {推翻} the first president Maga。 Soglo set up an army government and replaced{ 取代},by a civilian{非军人} ,government in 1967。 in December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over{接管} 。 in may 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years。 However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrow by the army once more and general kerekou became president。 In November 1795 kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to benin ,benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place 。 kerekou also announced that benin would be a people’s republice based on Marxism-lenimism。

        1、which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of benin and its neighbouring countries?

        {Bn=Benin; TG=Togo; Nr=Niger;BF=Burkina Faso; Na=Nigeria;GG=Gulf of Guinea}

        2、choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin。

        {AH=Ahomadgbe; Ke=kerekou; Ma=Maga; So=Soglo}

        A  so,ma ah ma ke

        B  ma so ma ke ah

        C  so ma ke ma ah

        D  ma so ma ah ke

        3、when and how did benin get its two names----benin and dahomey?

        A dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by benin。

        B benin was its oldest name。 The name dahomey was used later , but gas been replaced by  benin again。

        C benin was its oldest name。 The benin was used later ,but has been replaced by dahomey again。

        D benin was its oldest name ,but it has been replaced by dahomey。

        这儿的三个题目中, 先进题为识图题,综合一下短文先进段内容,可知内宁位于非洲西部,濒临几内亚湾,在burkina faso 和niger 之南,其西为togo,其东为nigeria ,所到之处以{c}为正确答案,第二,三题要复杂些,必须首先对二段进行分析,了解该国政权更迭的情况和顺序以及该国的历史变迁。该国领导人从1960年首位总统Maga 开始,到1975年真马似地共有五任。尽管头绪繁多,线索还是比较清楚的。第二题正确答案是{D}。从文中知道,该国另一个名字-----达荷马-----是法国殖民统治时的产物,在这以前,原址有上个国家叫内宁。1975年,民族主义政府将国家名称恢复为内宁。因此第三题答案是{ B}。[!--empirenews.page--]

        分析

        从例2可以看出,综合往往是以分析为基础的,没有分析就无法综合,二者紧密联系的。其实,阅读理解往往是沿着”分析——综合,再分析——再综合……。”的轨迹前进的。因此,提高阅读理解能力的根本途径,是提析能力。

        分析也是一种抽象思维方法。分析短文是短文分析解成若干部分,并分别或仅对某一部分加以研究,是一种由表及里,从整体到局部,去伪存真,去粗存精的思维认识过程。因此我们对短文进行分析,并不仅仅是机械地将短文分解成若干部分,更重要的是要搞清各部分的内在联系,事情发展的前因后果及规律。

        阅读理解过和是经常使用的分析方法大致有如下几种:

        1、定性分析。 阅读理解中,较重要的分析方法是定性分析,这是语言的描述性功能所决定的。所谓定性分析就是针对某一特定内容作出判断分析,用较能说明这一特定内容本质特点的词语加以表达,而这些词语又不能是短文中的原话。

        例3

        kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person a person the desire to steal 。 such a person is not really a thief。 They are sick and can not help themselves……

        which of the following words can best replace the word desire in the first sentence ?

        A change    B power     C right     D  wish

        通过上下文,或对单词desire的所了解,是容易断定desire的意思是”欲望”的,因此正确答案是{D}对于单词,句子进行定性分析的时时时候,绝不能脱离其上下文。不认真推敲上下文,就不能准确地作出判断。

        例4

        I had just gone to had after very hard day when the phone rang。 It was an eccentric farmer。 I had never met him before although I had often heard people take about him。 He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything。 Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had a had accident 。 I hadn’t the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go 。

        It had been snowing heavily that day and I didn’t know the way。 I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his place。 He was standing there , waiting for me 。it seemed Milly had died。 “she meant more to me than anyone……even my own wife。” He said 。 I could see that he had been crying 。 I thought something terrible had taken place , a possible scandal。 I was even more shocker when he told me he had put her in the barn 。”I  wouldn’t leave her out in the cold。” He said 。

        Milly had clearly been a secret lover of his 。 I was about to tell him he could not expect me to cover anything up when he opened the barn door。 He lifted his candle and I saw a dark figure on the ground 。”she was suck a good cow。” I wouldn’t let anyone but a doctor touch her。” She said ,and burst into tears again。

        1、the person who told the story is probably a ________。

        A  farmer  

        B  policeman

        C  country doctor

        D  newspaper reporter

        2、the underlined phrase make out in the first paragraph means________

        a  expect     b  understand   c  see clearly  d  hear clearly

        先进题的答案我们地阅读过程是一直是模模糊糊的,直到较后才能确定,应该为{C}。在第二题中,短语make out  的词典意义是 “辨认出”和 “理解”的意思,一般人容易想到{C},{D}两个选项。上下文告诉我们,这是一项电话约请医生出诊,所以{C}可以排除。但至此还不能轻易二结论。仔细推敲一下上下文,就会发现{D}项中的副词clearly 有点不对劲。这位怪僻的农夫焦燥不安,语无伦次,根本就没把话说清楚。医生只是模模糊糊地了解到有一个人出了车祸,要他去抢救。如果他听得清清楚楚,后面还会闹这么大的误会吗。认真分析短文以后,我们只能舍{D}。正确的是{B}。

        例5

        the idea of  fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange, but that’s exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other  countries。

        Carmaker’s research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loud-speakers can reduce the unwanted noise。

        Physicists have known about the technique for a long time。 Sound is made up of pressure waves in the air 。if two sound waves of the same frequency mix so that the highest point of one wave happens at the same time with the lowest point of one wave, the result is no sound 1 therefore ,by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle ,we can kill the unwanted noise。 Using this teaching many carmakers are racing to develop noise-killing system both inside and outside the cars[!--empirenews.page--]

        Another good thing about the of noise killing system is that 2 it saves the need for a silencer , which not only reduces the weight of a car ,but also makes the motor burn less oil work better。

        Some engineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars in 1996。 but the carmakers haven’t decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars 。

        1、which of the following gives a general idea of how the noise-killing system works?

        A  by producing pressure waves going in the opposite direction。

        B  by mixing high frequency sound waves with low frequency sound waves。

        C  by making copies of the unwanted sound waves and letting them out a little late。

        D  by mixing new sound waves with the noise and sending them out together。

        2、besides its main function the noise killing system can _______。

         A  make a car lighter

         B  make a car quieter

         C  reduce the cost of a silencer

         D  improve the performance of a silencer。

        这篇文章谈的是消除噪音的方法,有一定的难度。特别是先进题,稍不谨慎就容易弄错。根据4个选项分析短文中相应的内容,可知文中没有谈到消音时声波的方向问题,故可排除{A};文是明确提到这种原理的基本点是频率相同的声波,故{B}也可以排除;文中确实谈到: mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise 。但没有谈将两种noise 混合后同时放出来,所以{D}也不对;较后看一下{C},它的意思是;“复制待消除的噪声然后将其比原噪音稍晚一点放出。” 应选{C},再看第二个问题reduces the weight of a car 的意思就是makes a car lighter,所以{A}是正确的答案,其他的也就不再看了。

        定性分析的方法大量地,广泛地应用在阅读理解中,任何人做阅读理解训练和诊断都会自觉不自觉地运用这一方法。考查这种能力的题目是举不胜举的。上述几个例子都是就某一关键句子或段落进行判断性分析,有点像英语学习中的paraphrase。 实际上,定性分析也有于整篇文章的。

        例6

        scientists would like to place a huge mirror in space above the earth。 it might be sixty miles wide。 It would direct the sun’s rays upon the earth s a child might do to make sunlight dance on the wall with a hand mirror。

        Why do they want to do this ? the sun’s rays could be helpful in many ways 。 they could light up cities by light 。

        The warn rays could stop frosts which might come at night and hurt fruit crops。 They could melt dangerous icebergs in the ocean。 Perhaps they could change cloud movements and bring rain where it is needed。 The huge mirror is ______

        A sth in a story    B already made    C just an idea  D to made soon

        文章先进句话就说:“科学家们想要在地球上方的太空中安放一面镜子。”但全文没有一处文字可以帮助断定这面镜子是已经造就了,还是即将造就,或仅仅是一个梦想。因此,,仅根据文字无法做出判断,还必须分析一下作者的语气。作者全文基本运用了虚拟语气,说明在可预见的将来,这种可能性是很小的。比较一下几个可能的选项,自然( c )是较好的答案。

        定性分析作为一种判断性分析,解决的是”是什么”的问题。在阅读理解中,我们还经常接触到数量问题,这就需要运用定量分析的方法了。

        2、定量分析。定量分析在科学测量和实验中得到广泛的运用,但在阅读理解中就远没有定性分析那么重要。定量分析主要用于阅读科技短文等说明文的场合。

        例7

        Do you always understand the direction on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them。

        “To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片)with water ,followed by one tablet every eight hours ,asrequired。 For night time and early morning relief(缓解疼痛)take two tablets at bedtime 。Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours。

        For children six to twelve years old ,give half the amount(量)。 For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advise。 [!--empirenews.page--]

        Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness of sleeplessness after taking the medicine”

        1、How many tablets at most can a person over 12 have in 24 hours?

        (A)Three  (B)Four  (C)Six   (D) Eight

        2、How many tablets should a nine-year-old child normally take in 24 hours?

        (A)Half a tablet   (B)One tablet   (C)Two tablets    (D)Four tablets

        3、This text is most probably taken form a _________。

        (A)textbook      (B)newsreel    (C)doctor’s notebook  (D)bottle of medicine

        以上第1、2两题为定量分析题,第3题为定性分析题。文章2、3、4三小节的行文格式。措施语气,都是药品说明书的写法,所以第3题正确答案应为(D)。对于第1、2两题,应先仔细分析2、3两小节的内容。 第2小节是针对成年人的,先谈了两种用药的方法较后警告服用者24小时内不得服用超过6片的计量。因此,6片是24小时内所能服用的较大剂量。第3小节是针对未成年人的,6-12岁儿童服用此药是剂量应减半。根据第2小节的说明,采用先进种用药方法,成年人24小时内应服用5片,采用第二种用药方法,成年人24小时内应服用4片,9岁的儿童用药减半,应为2—2.5片。因此,这两题的正确答案为:1、(D),2、(C)。

        研究定性分析时我们用的例2是1990年的高考阅读理解(D)篇(见第161页),它还有两个选择题,均为定量分析题目。现分析如下:

        4、For how long was Benin under France?

        (A)For over a century      (B)For roughly a century

        (C)For over half a century   (D)Under half a century

        根据中文介绍,法国统治贝宁的时间为1893---1960年,共67年,所以(C)为正确答案。

        5、For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People’s Republic?

        (A)15years    (B)25 years    (C )20 years     (D)30years

        文章较后部分谈到贝宁的军队首领Kerekou成为总统后,更改国名,并宣布贝宁将成为人民共和国。那是1975年,距1990年正好15年,故正确答案应为(A)。

        3、因果分析。在阅读理解中,我们还应重视短文各部分之间的内在联系,弄清事情发展的前因后果和规律,这就要求我们在阅读中注意因果关系的分析,多问几个为什么。

        在阅读理解的选择题中,要求进行因果关系分析的功课是十分常见的。

        例8

        Frank Smithson woke  up and leaned over to turn off the alarm  clock,  “Oh,no!” he thought to himself 。”Another day at that office ;a boss who shouts at me all the time。”

        What do we know about Frank ?

        (A)   He was a lazy man

        (B)   He was a lucky person

        (C)   He didn’t make a lot of money

        (D)  He didn’t get on well with his boss

        短短几句描述,Frank不喜欢他那份工作的心情跃然纸上,然而他不喜欢去办公室的原因却不能凭空想象,必须在短文中找到根据,只有正确分析选项和短文内容的关系才能做对这道选择题。正确答案应为(D)。

        要求进行因果分析的功课大量地是先给出短文中的一个事实,然后要求选出正确的原因。

        例9

        most animal have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hurt them for food。 Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership{伙伴关系} which does good to both of them。 You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep。 This is not because they want a ride , but because they find easy food in the parasites{寄生虫} on sheep。 The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort。 So although they can manage without each other, they do better together。

        1、Some birds like to sit on a sheep because________

        A they can eat its parasites。

        B they depend on the sheep for existence。

        C they enjoy traveling with the sheep。[!--empirenews.page--]

        D they find the position most comfortable

        2、The underlined word “they” in the last sentence refers to _______--

        A birds and parasites  B birds and sheep  C parasites and sheep  D sheep, birds and parasites

        先进题为因果分析题,短文中有证据说明选项{C},{D}不是鸟儿栖息在羊背上的真正原因,可以排除;进一步分析一下短文,鸟儿和羊如果分开并不影响它们的生存,因此{B}项也可排除。正确的是{A},文中可以找到支持这一判断的表述。第二题为定性分析。此外不再赘言,答案应选{B}。

        3、比较分析。 讨论分析的方法时,不可不讨论另一种重要的分析方法----比较分析法。 比较分析之所以重要,是因为阅读理解对能力进行考查的所有题目都以选择题的形式出现的,要选出正确答案就得首先对四个选项进行比较分析,进而对阅读短文中相应的文字材料进行比较分析。因此,做阅读理解题时,不管我们采取哪种思维方式,都少不了比较分析这一环节

        例10

        The basenji is a central African hunting dog。 It comes from a country called Chad, which is in the north of the Central African Republic。 The basenji was well-known as the “silent dog” because for centuries no basenjis had ever been known to bark。 Then at a dog show in London in 1953, a basenji actually barked。

        As well as being clever, basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular hunting dogs in Africa 。 but in America people keep them mainly because they are gentle and full of fun。 The basenji has an unusual habit ; it washes itself all over like a cat 。 it is a middle-sized dog 。16 or 17 inches high from the shoulder 。 it weighs about 20 pounds。 A basenji’s coat is short and silkly。 It may be brown, white, or, a mixture of these three colours。

        1、what made basenjis so special?

        {A} They were funny enough to make people laugh。

        {B} one of them barked at a dog show in London。

        {C} they were a true friend of man。

        {D} they were born quiet dogs。

        2、Americans like basenjis because they are_________

        A  pleasant    B pretty   C clean   D quite

        这儿,先进题为定性分析题,第二题为因果分析题。但是由于两题中所有选项孤立看都求易作出判断,就得靠比较分析解决问题了。试比较先进题的4个选项,除了{B}项外都是basenji这一类犬的重要基本特征,似乎哪一项都言之有理。但紧扣题干中的关键词special 进行比较,就不难看出正确答案是{D}。 因为全世界有无数种类的狗,几乎没有不会吠的,而其他选项中表述的特征它们或多或少都具备,只有{D}项表述特征才是basenji这种狗的独特之处,第二题的题目要容易一些,尽管4选项的内容都有关basenji的特点,但短文是明确提到美国人钟爱狗的原因是因为它们性情温和,富有情趣,所以比较下来,正确的应该是{A}。

        {二}推理

        阅读理解的过程是一个不断地形成概念和判断的过程,但这不够,还常常需要我们从一个或几个已有的判断得出另一个新判断。这是推理。推理所根据的判断叫做推理的结论。

        例11

        Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways。 Some fat people have a large stomach and waistline, which makes them look round, rather like apples。 Others are fatter below the waist , which makes them appear pear-shaped。

        There are two types of fat: external fat {fat under the skin} and internal fat {fat inside the body wall}。 Doctors , who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the “ pears” have less internal fat, but the “apples” have more internal fat than external fat 。 this seems to be what causes the health problems。

        The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat。 But unfortunately it seems that dieting simply make an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear。 At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat。

        When a pear-shaped person becomes thinner, he/she loses more_______。

        {A} internal fat than external fat

        {B} external fat than internal fat

        {C} fat above the waist[!--empirenews.page--]

        {D} fat below the waist

        这是一个比较典型的推理题,通过阅读,我们认识到;人体脂肪有两种,体内深处脂肪和皮下脂肪,体内深处的脂肪多会引起健康问题,因此减肥主要应减少这种脂肪。至于肥胖者中有苹果体形和梨形体型之分,主要是他们体内脂肪分布的位置和比例不同而已。苹果体形比梨形体形问题严重。根据短文较后一段的内容,我们可以得出两个推理:

        {1}凡减肥者都无法有效地减少其体内深处脂肪。选择题内提到的梨形者是减肥者。所以, 形体形者是无法有效地减少其内深处脂肪。

        {2} 减肥者减少的主要是皮下脂肪。选择题内提到的梨形者是减肥者。所以梨形者减少的主要是皮下脂肪。

        以上两个推理都是三段论,各含三个简单判断,其中一,二,两个判断是推理的根据,叫做前提,即大前提和小前提,第三个判断是推理的结论。根据推理的结论,正确的是{B}。

        人类的认识是一个由特殊到一般又由一般到特殊的无限反复的发展过程。根据人类认识过程的这一特点,逻辑学上一般把推理分为两大类:从特殊性的前提概括出一般性结论的推理叫做归纳推理;从一般性性前提到特殊的结论的推理叫演绎推理。上面谈到的两个三段论,是一般到特殊推理,所以是演绎推理。演绎推理是一种必然性的推理,是逻辑证明的工具。总计阅读理解中的推理主要是演绎推理,有时也有归纳推理。

        例12

        we walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book。 Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down。 While I wanted mouth open in surprise , mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold ,she pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up ,mum nodded and said, “very dirty floors。”

        “yes ,I am glad they’ve finally decided to clean them。” The nurse answer。 She looked at mum strangely and said , “but aren’t you working late?”

        mum just pushed harder, each wipe of the mop taking her father and father down the hall。 I wanted until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book。

        After a long time mum came back 。her eyes were shining。 She quickly put the mop back and took my hand。 As we turned to go out of the door, mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “thank you”。

        Outside, mum told me : “Dagmar is fine。 No fever。”

        “Yes saw her, mum?”

        “of course。 I told about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow。 Dad will stop worrying as well。 It’s a fine hospital。 But such floors。 A map is so good。 You need a brush。”

        1、when the nurse talked to mum she thought mum was a ________

        A  nurse  B  visitor   C  patient   D  cleaner

        2、after reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?

        A it is children’s

        B it has strict rules about visiting hours。

        C the conditions there aren’t very good。

        D the nurse and doctor there don’t work hard。

        3、from the text we know that Dagmar is most likely _________

        A  the story-teller’s sister

        B  mum’s friend

        C  the story-teller’s classmate

        D  Dad’s boss

        根据短文中护士的言谈和举止判断,她把mum 当成了清洁工所以先进题应是{D},但我们知道她是怎么弄错,错在什么地方呢? 原来她作出一个错误的三段论。

        {1}凡清扫楼面的人都是清洁工。

        {2}Mum清扫楼面的人。

        {3}所以,Mum 是清洁工。

        这三段论的致命缺陷是,大前提到的清扫楼面的人实际上的是医院工作人员,而小前提中的Mum却并不是医院工作人员{这一点护士当然不知道}。 从语言方面看,这个推理只有三个不同的语词,但从概念方面看,却有四个不同的概念{两个前提中 “清扫楼面的人”分属不同的概念}。这在逻辑上称为 “四概念”的错误,我们在进行演绎推理时一定要注意避免这种错误。另外,这个三段的大前提是护士从经验中归纳而来的。她多次见到清洁工清扫楼面,于是以偏概全地得出结论:凡是清扫楼面的都是清洁工。这是轻率的概括,逻辑上叫做 “jump to the conclusion”, 是归纳推理的大忌。她再把这不可靠的结论当作演泽推理的前提,岂有不错之理?[!--empirenews.page--]

        第二题属归纳推理题,可用典型事例归纳加以解决。重温一下先进小节,许多细节的叙述能给我们新的启示。值班护士为什么见人连头都不抬?Mum为什么一进去就让记者坐在椅子上,自己却脱下用衣帽,轻手轻脚进入电梯房的工具间,拿出清扫工具拖地呢?认真做一下因果关系分析,合乎逻辑的解释是:探视病人的时间已经过去,值班护士不再接待病人家属,也不会再入任何探视者入内,Mum大概已经碰到钉子,知道医院规定严,无法通融,才会想出冒充清洁工入内这一 “滑头”的主意 。

        这一典型事例虽然是个别的,少数的,但它却反映了事情的本质,使得我们以从这一别事例中概括出一个普遍性的一般结论:医院在探视时间这一原则问题上,对任何都没有破过例。然后,我们再把选项{B}和其他几个选项进行比较分析,发现除了{B}以外其他几个选项都缺乏吸可靠的论据加以支持。因此正确答案应是{B}。

        第三题是一个简单推理题,将住院者Dagmar可能的4种身份加以分析,比较,能使叙述者及叙述者父母都牵挂并显示出浓浓亲情的,选项{A}表述的是较好答案。这种推理的前提只有一个,即住院者和关心她的人三人之间的关系。只有一个前提的推理叫简单推理。在阅读理解中,这种简单推理出现的频率相当高,由于实际运用中没有多大困难,准确性也较高,此外不再展开。

        {三} 感受

        高考考查的阅读能力中,还包括读者的感受能力。阅读是作者和读者之间无声的心灵交流,阅读过程就是读者不断揣摸作者意图和思路,不断提出假设和加以验证的过程。文化素养较高的人之所以容易与作者产生共鸣,就是因为他们的修养和功底使他们具备了一种直觉,能迅速感受到作者的心声,或感觉到幽默及比喻的微妙和精到。这种能力实际上是一种创造能力和美学欣赏能力,在阅读是感受能力是一种高层次的能力。

        在阅读过程中,感受能力一般表现为如下几种:

        1、根据文章的基调领悟作者意图,情感态度以及一些弦外之音的能力。

        2、领会幽默,夸张,嘲讽,嘲笑,怒骂等各种风格的能力。

        3、理解比喻,象征等修辞手断的能力。

体验预约丨学而思1对1/小班课程