Unit 1 How can we become good learners?
by+V-ing
★“by+V-ing”结构在句子中作方式状语，常用来表示“以、靠、借助、通过、用(某种方法或手段)”而达到某种预期的目的。该结构常用来回答 How do you...? 之类的问题。
★ 当 by 和表示交通工具的名词连用时，它与名词之间不用任何限定词，且名词用单数形式。
They often go to school by subway. 他们经常坐地铁上学。
★ by,in 和 with 都可以表示“通过;借助”。by 后接表示动作、行为的名词;in 表示“用某种语言;用某种材料”;with 后接表示物体或工具的名词。
如：
You may send the book by post. 你可以通过邮局把书寄出去。
提建议句式
①What/how about +doing sth.?
如：What/ How about going shopping?
②Why don't you +do sth.?
如：Why don't you go shopping?
③Why not +do sth.?
如：Why not go shopping?
④Let's +do sth.
如：Let's go shopping
⑤Shall we/I+ do sth.?
如：Shall we/ I go shopping?
unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!
宾语从句
that,if 和 whatever 引导的宾语从句：
★ 宾语从句中连接词的选择
1. 由 that 引导的宾语从句：that 在从句中无词义，不作任何成分，常可省略。如：
Jenny said (that) she could finish her painting before supper.
I think (that) you are right.
2. 由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句：if 或 whether 引导宾语从句时，一般可通用，都表示“是否”。如：
I don't know if / whether she still works there.
I want to know if / whether there is a hospital in this street.
但在下列情况下，只能用 whether，而不能用 if：
(1)在 whether ... or not 或 whether or not 结构中，不能用 if。如：
Nobody knows whether or not it will rain.
(2)在介词之后用 whether。如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English.
★ 主从句时态的呼应
当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可用各种时态;
当主句是一般过去时态时，从句常用过去的某种时态。
但当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时，即使主句为过去时，宾语从句仍然用一般现在时态。如：
He said he would spend his holiday in Dalian.
Our geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.
直击中考
1.【2018.四川乐山】-Thank you for telling me so much knowledge about nature.
-Don't mention it. _____ you have more questions,come to me any time.
A.If
B.Because
C.Though
答案见文末
反义疑问句
①肯定陈述句+否定提问。如：
Lily is a student isn't she?
Lily will go to China,won't she?
②否定陈述句+肯定提问。如：
She doesn't come from China,does she?
You haven't finished homework,have you?
③提问部分用代词而不用名词
如：Lily is a student,isn't she?
④陈述句中含有否定意义的词
如：little,few,never,nothing,hard 等，其反意疑问句用肯定式。
如：He knows little English,does he?他一点也不懂英语，不是吗?
表达“花费”
1.spend 动词，表示“花费金钱、时间"
①spend...on sth.在某事上花费(金钱、时间)
②spend...doing sth.花费(金钱、时间)去做某事
如：
He spends too much time on clothes.他花费太多的时间在衣着上。(花金钱)
He spend 3 months building the bridge.他花费了三个月去建这座桥。(花时间)
2. pay 的基本用法是：
① pay(sb.)money for sth. 花费钱(给某人)买。
② pay for sth. 付……的钱。
③ pay for sb. 替某人付钱。
④ pay sb. 付钱给某人。
⑤ pay money back. 还钱。
⑥ pay off one's money. 还清钱。
如：
① I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了 10 元买这本书。
② I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。
③ Don't wory! I'll pay for you. 别担心，我会给你付钱的。
④ They pay us every month. 他们每月给我们报酬。
3. take 后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种：
① It takes sb.+时间+to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。
② doing sth.takes sb.+时间，做某事花了某人多少时间。
如：
① It took them three years to build this road.他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。
② Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.他花了一下午修车。
4.cost 的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示”值”，常见用法如下：
① sth. costs(sb.)+金钱，某物花了(某人)多少钱。
② (doing)sth.costs(sb).时间，某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。
注意：cost 的过去式及过去分词都是cost，并且不能用于被动句。
如：
① A new computer costs a lot of money.一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。
② Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
直击中考
2.【2015 湖南长沙】Tom spent 200 yuan ______ this book.
A.in B.on
C.for D.with
3.【2015 广东深圳】It ______ me two days to finish the work.
A.took B.cost
C.spent D.paid
4.【2015 天津】I ______ some of my free time playing basketball for my school team.
A.spend B.cost
C.take D.pay
5.【2015 四川宜宾】I ______ $300 for the bike.
A.took B.spent
C.cost D.paid
答案见文末
unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?
宾语从句
连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句。
1. 由连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 等引导，不能省略。例如：
Do you know who he is?
2. 由连接副词 how, where, when, why 引导， 也不可省略。例如：
I don't know where I can buy this kind of camera.
3. 宾语从句用陈述句语序，即：连接词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他。
4. 主句与从句的时态关系：
(1) 如果主句是一般现在时，从句可以是根据情况所需要的任何时态。例如：
I don't know when she came here.
Can you tell me when he will come here?
(2) 如果主句是过去的时态，从句也应用过去时态的某一种。但若从句是表示客观事实或真理时，从句时态不受主句时态的限制，应用一般现在时。例如：
He told us why he would stay at home the next day.
The teacher explained how the earth goes around the sun.
5. 某些由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句可改为含“特殊疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构的简单句。例如：
Can you tell me where I can buy this book?
→ Can you tell me where to buy this book?
直击中考
6.【2017南昆明】—Could you please tell me ____ ?
一The people and the food.
A.How does Tom like China
B.if Tom likes China
C.what does Tom like about China
D.what Tom likes about China
答案见文末
语态
① 英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
② 被动语态的构成
由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词”构成
助动词 be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与 be 作为连系动词时完全一样。
③ 被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。
倒装句
由 so+助动词(be/do/will/have)情态动词+主语 意为：…也是一样
例如：
She is a student.So am I. 她是一个学生，我也是。
She went to school just now.So did I. 她刚才去学校了，我也是
She has finished the work.So have I. 她已经完成了工作，我也完成了。
She will go to school.So will he. 她将去学校，他也是。
程度副词
程度副词：
always 总是
usually 经常
sometimes 有时
never 从不
如：
I am always/usually/sometimes/never late for school.
我总是经常/有时/从不上学迟到。
unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.
used to 的用法
used to 是一个固定结构，意为“过去经常;以前常常”，其后接动词原形。它表示过去存在某种状态或者过去的某种经常性、习惯性的行为或者动作。
★ 其用于肯定句的结构为：主语 + used to + 动词原形 + 其他。如：
I used to play ping-pong with my brother. 过去我常常和我哥哥一起打乒乓球。
★ 其用于否定句的结构为：主语 + didn't +use to+ 动词原形。如：
You didn't use to like action movies. 你过去不喜欢动作片。
★ 其用于一般疑问句的结构为：Did + 主 语 + use to+ 动词原形 + 其他? 如：
Did your sister use to be shy? 你的妹妹过去害羞吗?
【辨析】
be used to (doing) sth 意为“习惯于(做)某 事”，to 后可接名词、代词或动名词。如：
The students are used to the new teacher now. 学生们现在习惯这个新老师了。
They are used to raising their hands first when they want to ask questions. 他们习惯了问问题前先举手。
if 引导条件状语从句
★ if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句即虚拟语气，通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语气，虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种祝愿，建议或是与事实相反的假设等。
★ if 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句，非真实条件句应用虚拟语气。如果要表示与现在或将来事实相反时，其虚拟语气结构为：
例如：
If I had time,I would go for a walk.
如果我有时间,我就会去散步。(事实上我现在没有时间)
If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
假如我是你的话，我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不是你)
I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie.
假如有人请我当电影演员，我会表示拒绝。(事实上没有人请我当电影演员)
直击中考
7.【2011陕西】If there ______ no buying and selling of animals,there ______ no killing in nature.
A.is;will be B.will be;will be
C.is;is D.will be;is
8.【2011 黑龙江绥化市】I'm waiting for my friend. ______ ,I'll go shopping alone.
A.If she comes
B.If she won't come
C.If she doesn't come
答案见文末
few 与 little
a few 与 a little 的区别，few 与 little 的区别：
★ a few 一些，修饰可数名词
a litle 一些，修饰不可数名词，两者表肯定意义。如：
He has a few friends.他有一些朋友。
There is a little sugar in the botle.在瓶子里有一些糖。
★ few 少数的，修饰可数名词
little少数的，修饰不可数名词，但两者表否定意义。如：
He has few friends.他没有几个朋友。
直击中考
9.【2013江苏常州】He offered ______ valuable advice that ______ people disagreed.
A.such;a few B.such;few
C.so;a few D.so;few
10.【2013年青岛市】Dave has _______ friends here,so he often stays at home by himself and feels lonely.
A.many B.a few
C.few D.several
答案见文末
unit 5 What are the shirts made of?
一般现在式的被动语态
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
★ 一般现在时的被动语态表示现阶段经常性、习惯性的被动动作，由“主语 + am/is/are + 及物动词的过去分词(+by+ 动作执行者)”构成。例如：
The yard is cleaned (by someone) every morning. 院子每天早上都有人打扫。
★ 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或不用指出动作的执行者，而需要强调动作的承受者时，就要用被动语态。例如：
Mobile phones are mainly used to keep in touch with other people. 手机主要被用来和其他人保持联系。
★ 一般现在时的被动语态的一般疑问句是将 be 提至句首;否定句是在 be 后加 not。例如：
Is Chinese spoken by many people? 许多人说汉语吗?
The little girl is not looked after by her mother. 这个小女孩不是由她的妈妈照顾。
★ 主动句变被动句将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，将主动句的谓语变为被动结构(be+ 过去 分词)，将主动句的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，若为主格应改为宾格。例如：
He broke the cup. 他打破了杯子。
→ The cup was broken by him. 杯子被他打破了。
直击中考
11.【2013广西南宁】Han Han's books are popular.They ______ by many teenagers.
A.is read
B.was read
C.are read
D.were read
12.【2013湖北宜昌】-At present,one of the best ways to study is working in groups.
-More chances ______ to students to learn from each other.
A.offer
B.are offered
C.have offered
D.are offering
答案见文末
现在完成时
★ 由 have/has+ 过去分词
★ 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与 already,just,yet,ever,never 连用。如：
I have already finished it. 我已经完成了。
Have you ever been to China? 你曾经去过中国吗?
★ ①表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状态连用。如：(for+ 时间段，since+ 时间点，或过去某一动作，以及 how long)。
②注：非延续性动词在现在完成时态中不能和 for,since 引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词，如：
buy----have
die----be dead
join----be in
borrow-----keep
leave----be away
I have bought a pen.-----I have had a pen for 2 weeks.
★① have(has)been to+ 地点(去过某地已经回来)
②have(has)gone to+ 地点(去了基地没有回来)
③have been in+ 地点(一直呆在某地没有离开过)
如：
She has been to Shanghai.她去过上海。(已经回来)
She has gone to Shanghai.她去了上海。(没有回来)
She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.她待上海两天了。(没有离开过上海)
直击中考
13.【2017福建】-Do you know the Color Run five-kilometer race?
-Yes.So far it ______ into quite a few cities in our country.
A.comes
B.came
C. has come
14.【2017河北】Wow!You ______dinner!Let's eat now.
A.cook
B.are cooking
C.will cook
D.have cooked
答案见文末
名词所有格
名词所有格的构成有两种形式：
★ 是在名词后面加 s 或是以 s 结尾的名词，只在名词的后面加'，如：
Ann's book 安的书，our teachers' office.我们老师们的办公室。
注：双方共有的所有格，只在后面一个名词加 's，如：
Lily and Lucy's father.莉莉和露西的爸爸(她们的爸爸是同一个人)。
★ 有 …of… 介词短语表示无生命东西的所有格，如：
a picture of my famil.我家人的相片。
有时也有 s 表示无生命的东西的所有格，如：
today's newspaper.今天的报纸。
the city's name.这座城市的名字。
unit 6 When was it invented?
一般过去式的被动语态
直击中考
15.【2013陕西】The mobile phone has influenced people's life a lot since it ______ .
A.invents
B.invented
C.is invented
D.was invented
16.【2013湖南益阳】The sports meeting _____ next month.
A.will hold
B.is going to hold
C.will be held
答案见文末
unit 7 Teenagers should be allowedto choose their own clothes.
含情态动词的被动语态
直击中考
17.【2013湖南衡阳】Teenagers _______ allowed to drive.
A.should not be
B.should be not
C.not should be
答案见文末
would 用法
★ 想要做：would like to do.
★ 想要：would like sth.
常用的句型有：
① What would you like to do? 你想要做什么?
I would like to visit GuiLin. 我想去参观桂林。
② What would you like? 你想要什么?
I would like some tea. 我想来些茶。
③ Would you like to go to my party? 你来不来参加我的晚会?(表邀请)
Yes,I'd love/like to./No,thanks.
④ Would you like some tea or coffee? 你是要点茶还是咖啡?
Yes,I'd love/like.No.thanks.
⑤ Where would you like to visit/go? 你想去哪呢?风，毫无预兆地席卷整片旷野，撩动人的思绪万千。
unit 8 It must belong to Carla.
情态动词表推测
情态动词 must,may,might,could,may,can 表示推测含义与用法后面都接动词原形，都可以表示对现在情况的揣测和推断但他们含义有所不同。